Here is proof of, whilst Justice is considered an abstract things, it nevertheless does exist as objectively real on an empirical basis.Peter Holmes wrote: ↑Sun Sep 01, 2024 1:56 pm 1 A noun is a naming word. We use nouns to name things. For example, the word wisdom is a noun.
2 If the word wisdom names something, then it's not a physical thing, with physical or what could be called spatio-temporal properties. So it must be a non-physical or abstract thing.
3 What is a non-physical or abstract thing, and where and in what way does it exist? If it's an idea or concept in a mind, what and where are ideas, concepts and minds, and in what way do they exist?
4 You say, confidently rehearsing an ancient dogma, that things such as justice and wisdom exist. How and where do they exist?
[the same proof can be extended to other supposed variables of human nature which are deemed to be abstract things].
- 1. Whatever exists, is real, and objective is contingent upon a framework and system FS e.g. of which the scientific FS is the most credible and objective.
2. Human nature exists, is real and objective as contingent upon the science-biology-psychology FS.
3. The justice variable is a significant variable within human nature.
4. Therefore 'justice' exists as real and objective as contingent upon the science-biology-psychology FS.
"Two Monkeys Were Paid Unequally"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=meiU6TxysCg
Such sense of justice could have been adapted within the human species.
Whatever is human nature is represented by its physical neural correlates, thus supporting its greater objectivity.
Evidences and justifications for P3 above [assisted by AI];
"P3. The justice variable is a significant variable within human nature."
Empirical Evidences for the existence of Justice as empirically real:
1. Fairness Preferences: Studies on fairness in children show a preference for equitable distribution of resources even at a young age. This suggests an innate sense of fairness. (Ref: https://www.umass.edu/preferen/gintis/H ... ration.pdf)
2. Inequity Aversion: Adults demonstrate negative reactions to unfair treatment, even when it doesn't impact them directly. This suggests a built-in aversion to injustice. (Ref: https://www.umass.edu/preferen/gintis/H ... ration.pdf)
3. Altruistic Punishment: Humans sometimes punish those who violate fairness principles, even at a personal cost. This suggests a desire to uphold a sense of justice beyond self-interest. (Ref: https://roberttrivers.com/Publications_ ... rivers.pdf)
4. Moral Development Theories: Theories like Kohlberg's stages of moral development suggest a natural progression towards understanding and valuing fairness and justice. (Ref: https://www.scribd.com/document/4364868 ... Psychology)
5. Animal Behavior: Studies like the unequal monkey pay example you provided suggest an evolutionary basis for fairness preferences, which may have been further developed in humans. (Note: Animal behavior can only offer hints, and human justice is likely more complex.)
More additional points to support Justice which abstract do exists as empirically real:
• Fairness Preferences in Early Development: Studies show even infants exhibit fairness preferences. In one experiment, babies seem to favor puppets who share resources equally. This suggests a potentially innate sense of fairness.
• Ultimatum Game Experiments: This economic game tests how people respond to unfair offers. Many humans reject unfair offers, even at a personal cost, demonstrating a sense of justice outweighing pure self-interest.
• Punishment Behavior: Humans have a strong tendency to punish those who violate social norms and act unfairly. This behavior, observed across cultures, suggests a motivation to maintain a just system.
• Evolutionary Perspective: Cooperation is essential for human survival and reproduction. A sense of justice could have evolved as a mechanism to promote cooperation and fairness within groups.
Here are some additional points to consider:
• Different aspects of justice exist (distributive, procedural, retributive). The evidence may be stronger for some aspects than others.
• Cultural variations in how justice is perceived and implemented exist.
• The link between biological/psychological factors and the concept of justice is complex and requires further research.
Future Directions:
• Neuroscience: Studying brain activity during fairness judgments might offer insights into the biological basis of justice.
• Cross-Cultural Studies: Examining justice perceptions across diverse cultures can refine our understanding of its universality.
The above is strongly supported by points from the Philosophy of Justice.
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