RCSaunders wrote: ↑Tue Jul 13, 2021 7:09 pm
Most of the supposed problems of epistemology are due to the absurd philosophers have explained concepts concepts including Plato's mystic "real" essences, Hume's view of concepts as fuzzy little images in one's head, Kant's abomination of concepts meaning their definitions and Wittgenstein's asserting concepts mean whatever way words are used.
Rid of all their mystical, metaphysical, and skeptical mumbo jumbo, concepts are quite easy to understand.
A concept consist of a word and a definition just as a sentence consists of a subject and a predicate. Together, a word (the phsically perceiveable part of a concept) and a definition (an identification of an existent or category of existents by means of a cogent description or explanation) is a concept. A word is not a concept. A concept is not an abstraction. It is the actual existents identified by the definition a concept refers to and means. It means those actual existents with all that can be known about them whether anything is known about them or not.
A word is a symbol, and is totally arbitrary. It can be almost anything that can be drawn, signed, or articulated. The word only represents the concept in a way that can be physically seen, heard, or felt (Braille).
The definition is anything, a description, explanation, selection from a list (taxonomy) or simply pointing at something, that indicates what existent or kind (category) of exitents is meant by the concept.
A
particular concept identifies a single existent and is frequently a proper noun. Most concepts identify categories of existent and are called
universals. Most of the confusion about concepts are related to misunderstanding what a universal concept is.
An existent is whatever its attributes (qualities, characteristics, and properties) are. Every existent has some attribute or attributes that are different from all other existents, else they would not be different existents. Many existent have some attribute that are the same as the attributes other existents have. When existents share many attributes or more significant ones, like the attibute, "mass," or the attribute, "life," it is epistemologically useful to identify all such existents collectively as, "physical entities," if they have mass for example, or, "organisms," if they have the life attribute, for example. The shared attributes or combination of attributes of existents of the same category is sometimes referred to as those existence's, "essence." One of the biggest mistakes in epistemology is mistaking, "essence," which is purely epistemological, with some mystical ontological or metaphysical, "essence," ala Plato.
All books are books because they all have the attributes that differentiate books from all other kinds of existents, but every actual book will have some attributes that are different form those of all other books. All existents of the same kind will all have all the attributes that identify that kind of existent, but every one of those existents will have one or more attributes that are different from those of all other entities of the same class or category.
The word, "book," stands for the concept, "book." A book is any actual existent with all the attributes that identify it as a book, and all other attributes that differentiate it from all other books. "Book," means an actual book with all its actual attributes as it actually exists. It does not mean the definition of a book, or an abstraction of a book and does not, "stand in for," a book, it points to an actual book and that is what it means.
Concepts are totally man-made, created as the means of identifying and holding in consciousness the ability to think about what is not directly perceived, like what one had for breakfast yesterday and what one plans to do tomorrow. There is nothing mysterious or magical about concepts except for the almost magical power they give human beings to discover, and know, and use the world that exists.