Philosophy Now Forum

Physics: The beginning is still in a searching.
#
Book ‘Albert Einstein’ by Leopold Infeld.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Infeld
========================.
Page 114.
Electron, that is, negatively charged particles, produce
an electromagnetic field while in motion. Thus,
in Maxwell’s theory, and later in Lorenz’s theory, we
still find a mixture of the field and particle aspects.
Particles (electrons) move in an electromagnetic field
and influence the field by the motion.
Page 115.
In the electromagnetic theory, we have a mixture of field
and particle concept. The field is produced by the electrons
and their motion. Similarly, in Einstein’s original theory
(GRT), the gravitational field is produced by the bodies
( stars and nebulas) and their motion.

The gravitational field is influenced not only by the moving
gravitational masses but also by electromagnetic field itself.
Thus the sources of a gravitational field lie in moving masses,
in moving charges and in the electromagnetic field.
Page 116.
A world without masses, without electrons, without an
electromagnetic field is an empty world. Such an empty
world is flat. But if masses appear, if charged particles
appear, if an electromagnetic field appears then our world
becomes curved. Its geometry is Riemannian, that is,
non- Euclidian.

The geometry of our world and the gravitational field are
shaped, formed, by moving masses, charges and by the
electromagnetic field. Thus the connection:
Physics- Geometry exists only for gravitational field.
Hermann Weyl , . . . . regarded this difference between the
gravitational and electromagnetic fields as something artificial.
General relativity theory treats these two fields in entirely
different way. The gravitational field is a geometrical field too.
There is, so to speak, a physical and a geometrical aspect of the
gravitational field, but there is only the physical aspect of the
electromagnetic field.
Thus, about 1920, general relativity theory presented a curious
mixture of geometry and physics.
Page 117.
In Relative Theory, the given and unknown form a strange mixture.
Mass, energy has no geometrical counterpart. But the field has.

Its weak point was the artificial mixture of geometrical and
physical concepts.

Both the electromagnetic and gravitational theories are dualistic
theories. In both of these theories, we have sources of the field
(charges, particles) and the field itself. Thus we see in both
theories a mixture of two concepts: matter and field.

It would be philosophically much more satisfactory if we were
able to build a unitary theory based on only one of these concepts.

Thus Einstein’s aim was to build a pure field theory.

But we could argue: how can we be satisfied with field equations
alone? We know that matter is as real as stone on which we stumble.

The supporter of the unitary field view would say that the
existence of what is known as matter should be deduced from
the field equations alone.

Page118.
The old theories failed to do that.
==========================.
I try to understand: what Einstein’s colleague professor
Leopold Infeld wanted to explain me in his book.
==..
It means I must understand the answers on these questions.

1. What was before: gravitational field or gravitational mass?
1. The GRT says that gravitational masses change the space and
therefore we are talking about so-called ‘gravitational field’
Infeld wrote: ‘the gravitational field is produced by the bodies
( stars and nebulas) and their motion ‘ / page 115 /
And not vice versa.

2. What was before: electromagnetic field or electromagnetic
particles (charges)?
2. Historically, the first person who said that there isn’t
electromagnetic field without electron was H. Lorenz.
And I can only repeat the Infeld words from page 115:
‘ In the electromagnetic theory, we have a mixture of field
and particle concept. The field is produced by the electrons
and their motion.’ And no vice versa.

3. What was before: gravitational field or electromagnetic field?
3. Infeld wrote:
‘ The gravitational field is influenced not only by the moving
gravitational masses but also by electromagnetic field itself.’
/ Page 115 /
And not vice versa.

4. What was before: gravitational mass or electromagnetic
particles (charges)?
4. The question is hard. I have no answer.

5. What is source of gravitational field?
5. ‘ Thus the sources of a gravitational field lie in moving masses,
in moving charges and in the electromagnetic field.’/ Page 115 /

6. What is source of electromagnetic field?
6. electromagnetic particle (charge) – electron.

7. Where did the gravitational masses come from?
7. I have no answer.

8. Where did the electromagnetic particles (charges)
come from?
8. I have no answer.
====================..
#
So, how can I solve my problem and understand
the questions: 4, 7, 8 ? Can Infeld help me?
I reread the pages 114 –115 -116- 117.
Again and again I ask myself questions:
Where does the gravitational mass come from?
Where does the electromagnetic particle (charge) come from?
What was before: gravitational mass or electromagnetic
particle (charge)?
The page 116 paid my attention.
‘ A world without masses, without electrons, without an
electromagnetic field is an empty world. Such an empty
world is flat. But if masses appear, if charged particles
appear, if an electromagnetic field appears then our world
becomes curved. Its geometry is Riemannian, that is,
non- Euclidian.’
Good God. Maybe I must think about the reference frame
where these particles can exist and then the answer will come.
How many reference frames I know? . . . Many !!
1 Euclidian
2 non- Euclidian
3 Riemannian
4 Many D: 5D, 7D, 11D and . . . M.

Which of these reference frames is source of first particle?
Which of these reference frames is source of Existence?
===========.
It is clear that the many D and M were grown from a simple D.
1D and 2D is too simple.
The 3D- Descartes / Newtonian (our world) is seemed to be
the best absolute place for existence. But Einstein and
Minkowski came and said that we all were mistaken. They said
that the best absolute place for existence is ( -4D).
And what about the Riemannian space.
Does ( -4D) exist in Riemannian space or vice versa?

Again I read the page 116.
In the beginning was nothing.
It was: ‘ A world without masses, without electrons,
without an electromagnetic field is an empty world.’

And later: ‘masses appear, charged particles appear,
an electromagnetic field appears then our world
becomes curved. Its geometry is Riemannian,
that is, non- Euclidian.’
So, in beginning was (-4D).
From this ( -4D) masses appear, charged particles
appear and electromagnetic field appears too.

And then . . . . .and then . . . .
‘then our world becomes curved. Its geometry
is Riemannian, that is, non- Euclidian.’
So . . .!!
It becomes curved and curved and in the end was created
circle, circle of our Sun and our local planetary world ,
circle of our Earth and many circles of other stars and
planets.
!!
And who want to understand more must read pages
- 64 – 65 - 66 - 67: the story about creatures who lives
on a two- dimensional plane.
‘For them the two- dimensional plane will be
what three- dimensional space for us’
/ Page 64./
‘ This story is not as fantastic as it sounds. Indeed, some
of its features remind us of the story of our earth and how
its spherical shape was recognized.’
/ Page 65. /
It is a pity and funny story.
But this story doesn’t finish.
In the XXI century we still doesn’t recognize that
Riemannian curved geometry shows us the scheme
of creation of our local Sun - spherical shape.
Once again.
There is empty space. And ‘if masses appear, if charged
particles appear, if an electromagnetic field appears then
our world becomes curved.’
They appear not as one whole substance.
They appear as separated local very rare mass.
Between them is an empty space.
/ Astronomers Find a Hole in the Universe
http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=0fb_1188365505 /
So, the Riemannian space cannot belong to the Universe
as whole. The Riemannian space can be only local.

In my opinion, we are creatures who climbed out to the
two- dimensional cosmos space and saw the Riemannian
curved line of light. We cannot understand that this
curved line is only a small part of a circle, which surrounds
the local gravity space of our Sun and shows us its limit.
And therefore from 1919 the discussions about ‘open’ and
‘closed’ Universe doesn’t stop until now.

Best wishes.
Israel Sadovnik Socratus
==============================.

Socratus, you are too influenced by Einstein. It is the reason why you are so groping man :) The things are simple: empty (physical) space has a regular discrete structure. Elementary particles are some structural defects (let us say dislocations) and physical fields are some elastic tensions, deformations. The opposite types of defects can annihilate each other into smooth structure (a few waves, some noise is released during it) again.

But some "motor" must exist - there are an inertial motion, el.mag. waving, magnetic field (rotating dipoles), rest energy...here. It all is somehow related with some global motion. If we remember a going time, growing difficulty of structures, probably growing space, it must be clear - our Universe is fed from outside, from another phase from the "future". Einstein’s Big bang cannot contain all present information. There cannot be any singularities in real world. Our Universe condensates, crystallizes, ... growes. We live, we rises in, thin, uncertain yet, present time layer, in surface of 4D growing body... The speed of growing is related with c, that limits all our motion. Forget Minkovsky, forget TR, use the sense. See the history as a mass and see the future as an idea. See the information as an imaginary energy... see all by other way... If our world has any sense then can not be determined by Einstein’s way…

Socratus and Cerveny,

You may already know the book, by Lee Smolin: "The Trouble with Physics" -- it's a great overview of many of the issues you raise here. I'm reading it now, and I think it's excellent.

Thanks to Aetixintro for mentioning the book in his topic, "Concerning the Graviton and the Higg's Boson".

Mike Strand wrote:Socratus and Cerveny,

You may already know the book, by Lee Smolin:
"The Trouble with Physics" --
it's a great overview of many of the issues you raise here.
I'm reading it now, and I think it's excellent.

Thanks to Aetixintro for mentioning the book in his topic,
"Concerning the Graviton and the Higg's Boson".

- Hallelujah !! String Theory !!
==.
Science has always been a source of heresy.
====.
Lee Smolin wrote:
I have written this book in the hope that it will contribute
to an honest and useful discussion among experts and
lay readers alike.
/ ‘ The trouble with Physics’. Page XVIII. /
I will take Smolin’s proposition and try to explain my
amateur’s thoughts about that was called ‘String theory’.
=============.
#
Three years ago I posted an article ‘ The Special Theory
of Relativity’ I wrote:
‘ String theory acts in 11- D space.
But if we don't know what 1+1 = 2 is
how can we know what 5+4 = 9 is?
And if we don't know what 4-D negative Mincowski space
is how can we understand 11-D space ( String theory) ?’
I wrote: . . . .
‘If I were a king, I would publish a law:
every physicist who takes part in the creation
of 4D space and higher is to be awarded a medal
"To the winner over common sense".
Why?
Because they have won us using the
absurd ideas of Minkowski and Kaluza. ‘
This was a reason that I refused to read any information
about ‘String theory’.
And later on different forums I posted emails, trying
to explain, that the point is only a shadow of real particle,
that it is impossible to understand Physics and Nature
thinking of particle as a point.
I wrote: In 1915 Einstein connected Mass with Geometry.
Maybe now, in 2010, somebody will try to understand the
interaction between an elementary particle and geometry.
I wrote:
If physicists think about a particle as a " mathematical point"
the result can be only paradoxical. And I am sure if somebody
takes into consideration the geometrical form of particle
the paradoxes in Physics will disappear.
#
Travelling in Scotland, by chance, in a secondhand shop
I bought a book: ‘ The trouble with Physics’ by Lee Smolin.
This book changed my opinion about ‘String theory’.
Now I say: Hallelujah ! Hallelujah ! Why? Because
‘… particles could not be seen as points, which is how
they always been seen before. Instead, they were ‘stringlike’,
existing only in a single dimension, and could be stretched, . .
And . . . they vibrated.’ / Page 103. / ‘ . . the idea of particles
as vibrations of strings was the missing link that could work
powerfully to resolve many open problems.’ / Page 124./
It is nice. It is pleasant to read this idea.
So, the string particle is a dynamic particle. And the string can
have different geometric forms: ‘String can be both closed and
open. A closed string is a loop. An open string is a line;
it has ends’. / Page 106./ And now few physicists try to connect
forces, movement and geometry of the quantum particle together.
Hallelujah ! It is a progress. It is a step to truth.
Now I say: the truth is hidden in the ‘ String theory ’.
#
But there are many string theories. And the growing catalogue
of string theories evokes trouble. Because one theory is better
than the other one, but at the same time each new theory brings
new problems. Maybe therefore Lee Smolin wrote:
‘ . . . at least one big idea is missing.
How do we find that missing idea?’ / Page 308. /
Interesting: What was missed by ‘ the brightest and
best- educated scientists’ who worked very hard doing
many complicated calculations ?
New particle? New D ? New force? New idea?
Where did they have an error?
I will try to understand this situation.
#
If I were professor I would great super – super 55D for
explaining everything. But I am a peasant and the best way
for me is to take the simplest reference frame – the Euclidean
space ( 2D) . And maybe (who knows ?) Newton was right
saying: ‘ Truth is ever to be found in simplicity,
and not in the multiplicity and confusion of things.’
Now I will put a virtual- ideal particle in this 2D.
The 2D is a thin and flat homogeneous space, so my particle
also must be thin and flat and very symmetrical.
Can it be a very thin and tiny limited line- string?
No. In my opinion even this very thin and tiny line
under good microscope will be looked as a rectangle.
Can it be a very thin and tiny limited loop?
No. The geometrical form of a loop is too complex,
needs supplementary forces to create it.
Can it be a very thin and tiny limited circle?
Yes.
From all geometrical forms the circle is the most symmetrical.
The surface of a circle takes up the minimal area it can and
I will write it by formula: C/D= pi= 3.14. (!)
But I can put many particles there, for example,
Avogadro’s number of particles: N(a). (!)
#
What is my next step?
If I were a mathematician I would say nothing.
But if I were a physicist I would say that 2D must have
some physical parameters like: volume (V), temperature (T)
and density (P). Yes, it seems the idea is right.
Then, volume (V) is zero,
temperature (T) is zero
but . . but density (P) cannot be zero if 2D is a real space
then its density can approximately be zero.
#
What can I do with these three parameters?
I have only one possibility, to write the simplest formula:
VP/T=R (Clapeyron formula !)
What is R? R is some kind of physical state of my 2D.
And if I divide the whole space R by Avogadro’s
numbers of particles then I have a formula R/ N(a) = k,
then k ( as a Boltzmann constant) is some kind of
physical state of one single virtual- ideal particle. (!)
#
But all creators of Quantum theory said that this space,
as a whole, must have some kind of background energy (E).
And its value must be enormous.
But the background mass of every Avogadro’s particles
in 2D has approximately zero mass, it is approximately
massless (M).
So, if I divide enormous energy (E) by approximately
massless (M) then the potential energy/ mass of every single
virtual- ideal particle ( according Einstein and Dirac) is
E/M=c^2 (potential energy/mass E/M=c^2 ! )
( I don’t know why physicists call E/M= c^2 ‘rest mass’
and never say potential energy/mass E/M=c^2 .)
In potential state my particle doesn’t move,
so its impulse is h = 0.
#
My conclusion.
I have virtual- ideal- massless particle which has
geometrical and physical parameters:
C/D= pi= 3.14 . . . . , R/ N(a) = k, E/M=c^2, h=0.
All my virtual- ideal- massless particles are possible to call
‘ bosons’ or ‘antiparticles’ . These bosons are approximately
massless but have huge potential energy/mass E/M=c^2 .
But I have no fermions, no electric charge, no tachyons,
no time, no mass, no movement at this picture.
#
Smolin wrote: ‘ – the missing element – must have been
one of the earliest triumphs of abstract thinking.’/page 102/
Where was ‘the earliest triumphs of abstract thinking.’?
In the hope to understand Smolin’s thought I will draw
historical scheme: Quantum Theory ---->
----> Thermodynamics ----> Theory of gases ----> Ideal Gas.
So, ‘the earliest triumphs of abstract thinking.’ was connected
with idea of an ‘Ideal Gas’. From Ideal Gas our trouble with
physics begins. I think the ‘Ideal Gas’ cannot be an abstract
hypothesis. In my opinion the ‘Ideal Gas’ must be a real model
of vacuum: T=0K . We can use all laws of ‘Ideal Gas’ for
explaining the situation in Vacuum: T=0K. The ‘ Ideal Gas’ as
abstract as ‘ Vacuum ‘ and vice versa.
===================..
Now, thinking logically, I must explain all the effects of
motions. And. . . and I cannot say it better than Newton:
‘For the basic problem of philosophy seems to be to discover
the forces of nature from the phenomena of motions
and then to demonstrate the other phenomena from these forces.’
#
How can one single virtual- ideal particle start its movement?
At first, it will be right to think about some simple kind of
movement, for example: my particle will move in straight line
along 2D surface from some point A to the point B.
What is possible to say now?
According to the Michelson-Morley experiment my particle
must move with constant speed: c=1 and its speed is independent.
Its speed doesn’t depend on any other object or subject, it means
the reason of its speed is hidden in itself, it is its inner impulse.
This impulse doesn’t come from any formulas or equations.
And when Planck introduced this inner impulse(h) to physicists,
he took it from heaven, from ceiling. Sorry. Sorry.
I must write: Planck introduced this inner impulse (h) intuitively.
I must write: Planck introduced his unit (h) phenomenologically.
At any way, having Planck’s inner impulse (unit h=1) my
particle flies with speed c=1. We call it photon now.
Photon’s movement from some point A to the point B
doesn’t change the flat and homogeneous 2D surface.
Of course, my photon must be careful, because in some local
place some sun’s gravitation can catch and change its trajectory
I hope it will be lucky to escape from the sun’s gravity love.
#
My photon can have other possibility to move. This second
possibility was discover by Goudsmit and Uhlenbeck
in 1925. They said the elementary particle can rotate
around its diameter using its own angular inner impulse:
h * = h /2pi. So, when photon rotates around its diameter
it looks like a string ( open string) and this string vibrates.
My god, that is a strange technical terminology the physicists
use: ‘ vibrate, vibration’.
If I were a physicist I would say no ‘ vibrate, vibration’ but
‘ frequency’, ‘the particle rotates with high frequency’.
The frequency is a key to every particle, by frequency we know
the radiation spectrum of various kinds of waves.
Now I can say: then my photon starts to curl its rotation
goes with enormous frequency, faster than constant speed
of photon. Now its speed is c>1. We call it ‘tachyon’.
The tachyon’s spinning creates electric charge and
electrical waves and now we call it ‘electron’ or ‘fermions’.
So, in my opinion, virtual- ideal particle, photon, tachyon
and electron are only different names of one and the same
particle – quantum of light.
The frequency of every string particle can change.
( The various states of vibration . . . Page 103.)
The geometrical form of string can change.
( When they gained energy, they stretched; when they
gave up energy, they contracted - Page 103.)
Thanks to rotating movement the ‘massless’ of particles
increased and it became real observed particle.
Stop ! !!
I have missed here something important.
What have I missed?
#
( When they gained energy, they stretched; when they
gave up energy, they contracted - Page 103.)
What does it mean? What did Smolin want to say?
How can I understand this process ?
. . . . . . . . . . .
My particle is a circle. When this circle started to curl around
itself its form changed. Now it has volume and looks like a sphere.
What is the law between particle’s volume and energy?
I think: big volume – low energy, small volume – high energy.
The more speed / impulse ----> the more particle (as a volume)
compress ----> the more energy .
And when the speed decrease – - the energy decrease too –
but the volume of particle will increase.
My particle behaves like ‘ a springy circle’ (!)
This springy circle can curl into small sphere which must
have volume and therefore can be describe as a
‘stringlike particle with vibrations’ only approximately .
Springy particle - it means the particle is able to spring back
into its former position. In my opinion this is the meaning of
‘ The Law of mass/energy conservation and transformation’
#
Once more.
Quantum of light has potential energy (- E=Mc^2 ).
When it starts to curl around its diameter the potential energy
(- E=Mc^2 ) is hidden and we can observe its electronic
energy ( E=h*f).
But there is situation when this hidden potential energy goes
out and we can see its great active power ( + E=Mc^2 )
looking the destroyed cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
In my opinion the particle’s transformation from one state into
the other was legalized as ‘ The Law of mass/energy
conservation and transformation’.
#
Different geometrical forms of string particle
( open - closed ), different frequencies of string particle are
reason of different radiation (from ultraviolet to infrared ),
are also reason of new situation in 2D.
Now the surface of my 2D in local area is changed.
On one hand it is electromagnetic field now,
on the other hand the spinning electron
changed the temperature of the surface in local area.
Now this local area has Debye temperature: Q(d)= h*f(max) / k.
Maybe in this space a grain of gravity theory is hidden.
Who knows?
==================..
My conclusion.
It is no bad idea to ask question:
what are physical parameters of every new super D?
It is possible to understand many things using 2D.
The missing ‘big idea’ in ‘String theory’ is hidden in the
simple question: ‘ What was the form of particle before
it started to curl?’
The time appears as a period of electron’s action.
I ‘mix bosons with fermions’ (page 105) without using
any supersymmetries.
And I have:
a) In potential state the impulse of particle is h = 0. ( boson)
b) Having Planck’s inner impulse (unit h=1) my
particle moves straight with constant speed c=1. ( photon)
c) Having Goudsmit / Uhlenbeck inner angular impulse
h * = h /2pi. the particle rotates around its diameter.
( electron/ tachyon/ fermion).
Maybe the different conditions of (h) is the key to all
other phenomena.
Maybe this process can explain ‘the dualism of particle.’
Maybe this interpretation can explain where the energy comes from.
Maybe, if the space of my circle curls and changes then we need to
use Riemann geometry .
Maybe, if the speed of the particle is independent and self-contained
then we need to use nonlinear equations.
Maybe . . . . .
Maybe it is time to end now.
I reread my article. It is not bad, not bad for amateur,
who thinks about philosophy of physics for 28 years.
Of course, my interpretation is only scheme. And if
I were a physicist I would make from this scheme a theory:
‘ Elementary particle as a springy circle’.
But as a peasant I can only hope that maybe somebody
from Smolin’s ‘few . . . most talented and accomplished
physicists’ will do it. Who knows? Why do I doubt?
Because I read Smolin’s opinion: ‘ Not that every scientist
is a seeker, most are not.’ (!) Ce la vie !
#
Now I must go to my farm, to my garden.
I want to plant some trees and flowers today.
=.
All the best.
Israel Sadovnik Socratus
====================.

The main problem of the physics is a time concept. You should throw out most of you have read and use the sense...