New and Comprehensive Perspective on Explaining Divine Justice
Posted: Tue Aug 12, 2025 4:27 pm
New and Comprehensive Perspective on Explaining Divine Justice, The Reckoning of Deeds, Divine Knowledge, Determinism and Free Will, Utopia, and Perfection
Introduction
The questions of Divine Justice, humanity's final reckoning, the absolute knowledge of God, and the mystery of determinism and free will in the face of the enigma of good and evil, have long been the foundation of human thought. These issues have not only been at the center of philosophical and theological debates but have also continuously challenged the inquiring human mind in its confrontation with the order and disorder of the world. Over the centuries, countless theories and perspectives have been put forward to explain these truths; from the profound rational arguments of philosophers to the comprehensive interpretations of theologians from sacred texts, and even attempts to find scientific roots in natural phenomena.
However, despite the breadth and depth of these discussions, none of the existing approaches have been able to independently and comprehensively illuminate all dimensions of these complex issues and provide convincing answers to all questions and doubts. The hidden shortcomings in each framework and the gaps that continue to leave the mind unanswered have compelled us to forge a new path.
In this treatise, we will first provide a detailed and critical review of the most prominent and central perspectives in philosophy and theology, as well as the scientific approaches related to these concepts. Then, by analyzing the weaknesses and unresolved challenges in these previous theories, we will explain the necessity of presenting a new and comprehensive insight. Our goal is to introduce a perspective that, by drawing on the astonishing convergence of independent results from various fields of knowledge—from the depths of philosophical thought and the richness of theological discussions to the advanced findings of contemporary sciences—offers a coherent and powerful framework for understanding these fundamental truths of existence and provides a profound and convincing answer to questions that have long remained unanswered.
A Review of the Fundamental Challenges in Explaining Divine Justice
The question of Divine Justice, humanity's final reckoning, the absolute knowledge of God, and the mystery of determinism and free will in the face of the enigma of good and evil, have long been the foundation of human thought. These issues have not only been at the center of philosophical and theological debates but have also continuously challenged the inquiring human mind in its confrontation with the order and disorder of the world. Despite the breadth and depth of these discussions over the centuries, none of the existing approaches have been able to independently and comprehensively illuminate all dimensions of these complex issues and provide convincing answers to all questions and doubts. The hidden shortcomings in each framework and the gaps that continue to leave the mind unanswered have compelled us to forge a new path.
The Interconnectedness of Traditional Challenges and Responses
If God is the Absolute Just, the Infinitely Wise, and the Almighty, how can we explain the existence of widespread and seemingly baseless suffering, devastating natural disasters, and profound and inexplicable inequalities in the conditions of human life? This dilemma, known as the "Problem of Evil," is one of the most significant challenges to the concept of Divine Justice. How can it be claimed that a world full of pain, disease, poverty, and injustice is the product of pure justice and ultimate wisdom?
In response to these challenges, various perspectives have been offered, which often lead to deeper questions in related fields and show how intertwined and inseparable the concepts of justice, reckoning, determinism and free will, divine knowledge, and good and evil are:
* The Response of "Divine Wisdom and Placing Everything in Its Proper Place":
Some, in response to inequalities and evil in life, argue that God, with His infinite wisdom, has placed every being and every phenomenon in the best possible position. What we perceive as injustice is, in fact, God's hidden wisdom (Ibn Sina, The Book of Healing).
Challenge: However, this response itself faces a fundamental question: If the current state of the world is the "best" and "most perfect," then why do religious and philosophical teachings speak of a utopia at the end of time and the emergence of a savior to reform society and establish complete justice? The need for a radical and global transformation implies an acceptance of deficiency and inadequacy in the current situation, which contradicts the claim of "the best possible position." If the seed of corruption existed from the very beginning in the essence of this "best system," leading to such a tragic situation, then how is the attribute "best" justified?
* The Response of "Human Free Will" and the Need for a Savior/Reckoning:
It may be further argued that corruption and deviations are the result of human misuse of their free will, and the need for a savior is precisely to rectify these deviations and establish a final reckoning. In this view, everyone is held responsible based on their deeds.
Challenge: But this response also faces serious questions that challenge the concept of Divine Justice in the reckoning: Given the vast differences in human abilities, opportunities, environmental conditions, and levels of awareness, how can one speak of a final judgment of all individuals based on a single criterion? The fact that individuals have faced such different challenges makes the fair evaluation of their actions intellectually difficult (Mulla Sadra, The Four Journeys).
Can it be expected that everyone, regardless of their circumstances, will be judged by a single court and with a single standard? This challenge is not resolved even by the justification that God, based on the verse "Allah does not burden a soul beyond that it can bear," will hold each person accountable based on their specific situation and circumstances; because the vast differences in initial "abilities" and "conditions" themselves require a just explanation.
* The Response of "Divine Test" and Inequality in Conditions:
Some others attribute suffering and inequalities to the purpose of testing and evaluating humans. Individuals are placed in different situations (good and bad, high and low) to measure their patience, gratitude, or fairness.
Challenge: But this justification is inconsistent with the blatant inequality in the testing ground. If the sole purpose is a test, why is one person born into complete prosperity and another into absolute poverty, or with congenital diseases? Does not justice require that the initial conditions of the test be more proportionate and comparable for everyone? Also, the question arises: If a person was in an unfavorable situation and is, for example, held accountable according to those conditions, couldn't that same person, had they been in a different situation or condition, have performed better and more ideally?
* The Response of "Absolute Divine Knowledge" and the Denial of Free Will/Testing:
Finally, in response to the challenge of unrealized potentials and inequality in the test, the justification is raised that God, with His absolute and eternal knowledge, knows all decisions and outcomes in advance. Therefore, even if individuals were placed in different situations, their performance would have been known to God, and there is no need for a practical test.
Challenge: But this perspective faces a more serious challenge: If God knows everything from eternity, then what is the meaning of human free will? Does this Divine Knowledge not, in a way, necessitate absolute determinism? (Mulla Sadra, The Four Journeys)
And if the outcome of the "test" is known to God in advance, then what is the need for the external occurrence of the "test" and the suffering associated with it? This makes the process of creation a pointless spectacle. The concept of moral responsibility and accountability for actions that are predetermined becomes meaningless here.
One of the important points that has been neglected in most of these discussions is the topic of perfection. One of the goals of human creation is stated to be reaching perfection. The discussed perspectives did not clarify how this goal of reaching perfection is achieved. In the presented discussions, reaching perfection is conditional on the performance of deeds by a select few through which they attain perfection. However, this contradicts the concept that the goal of humanity's creation is to reach perfection, and it has not been stated in any religious or theological texts or traditions that "humanity," in reaching perfection, refers to a specific group of people.
Summary of Critiques and the Necessity of a New Perspective
This cycle of challenges and contradictory responses clearly demonstrates that traditional and one-dimensional explanations are incapable of providing a comprehensive and contradiction-free solution for all dimensions of these intertwined issues. Based on the discussions presented, it can be considered that these concepts (Divine Justice, reckoning, God's knowledge, good and evil, and determinism and free will) are interconnected and each is related to the other. Therefore, none of them can be explained separately and independently from the others.
The current situation indicates an impasse or at least an inadequacy of existing explanations. This endless cycle of challenges reveals an urgent need for a new and comprehensive intellectual paradigm; a paradigm that can transcend these contradictions and explain all these concepts within a coherent and synergistic framework.
Therefore, our goal is to present a perspective that, by identifying the common roots of these challenges, offers an integrated and convincing solution and provides a profound and logical answer to questions that have long remained unanswered.
Proposed Solution:
A New Perspective for a Comprehensive Explanation
After a thorough review of the fundamental challenges in explaining concepts such as Divine Justice, reckoning, absolute Divine Knowledge, determinism and free will, and the problem of good and evil, and observing the ineffectiveness and contradictions in traditional responses, the logical and necessary conclusion was reached that these intertwined discussions cannot be explained separately and independently from one another.
This endless cycle of challenges reveals an urgent need for a new and comprehensive intellectual paradigm. From a rational and logical standpoint, for Absolute Divine Justice to be truly understandable and explainable, and for the Divine reckoning to be fair and genuine, it seems essential to presuppose that all human beings must fully experience the same conditions and various states that others have experienced. This means that every condition an individual has experienced in a particular life situation must also have been experienced by all other human beings.
However, given the infinite number of possible states and conditions, the vast number of humans, and the countless complexities of life, the realization of such a thing in a single, limited life (as we know it) appears practically impossible and illogical.
Nevertheless, it seems that the only state that can logically explain and realize this Divine Justice and Divine reckoning is precisely this complete and comprehensive experience of all conditions by every individual. Perhaps, apart from this, there is no other way to genuinely explain Divine Justice and reckoning, and any perspective other than this will lead to serious challenges and an unconvincing explanation of the concepts of justice and divine reckoning.
And since we have assumed that there is no other logical and rational way to explain Divine Justice and a genuine reckoning, it is possible that this state, despite seeming "impossible," is indeed in effect within existence, and we, due to our imperfect reason, limited perspective, and incorrect analysis, are currently unable to fully comprehend or directly observe it. This speculation opens the door to a fundamental hypothesis that can break this intellectual impasse and offer a new answer to age-old questions.
Explaining the New Perspective: An End to Excuses and the Beginning of Universal Justice
In the depths of philosophical thoughts and theological debates surrounding Divine Justice and the ultimate concept of human reckoning, a fundamental truth reveals itself: for justice to be perfected in its true sense and for the evaluation of human deeds to be flawless, only one essential prerequisite can be conceived. This prerequisite is nothing but for every human to fully and completely live through all the conditions and states that others have experienced. This is the only possible path to guarantee fundamental equality across the expanse of existence and to prove the creator's absolute justice.
Any attempt to explain the concepts of Divine Justice, determinism and free will, and the problem of good and evil, without accepting this rational necessity, leads to insoluble contradictions and pervasive ambiguities. This is precisely why no situation other than this can give true meaning to the noble concepts of real Divine Justice and a fair reckoning. This logical necessity leads us to believe that such a mechanism is undoubtedly at work within the fabric of existence, even if our limited comprehension and imperfect awareness may keep it hidden from our sight.
To achieve this great feat, namely the complete and infinite experience of states by every individual, only one logic is sufficient: every human must experience an infinite number of lives. This inevitably necessitates the existence of an infinite number of worlds or parallel universes; a reality in which countless versions of a single individual are engaged in and responsible for the infinite and diverse experiences of life's conditions and situations.
In this view, inequalities become meaningless because individuals experience all conditions, such as deficiency, illness, hardship, pain, as well as prosperity, security, health, and so on. By accepting this truth, there is no longer any room for "if," "maybe," "I wish," or "if only it were like this." All the excuses that humans make to justify their actions—such as "my situation wasn't suitable," "my conditions were different," "I was too young," "I made a wrong decision because I was forced," or "if I had done that"—become meaningless within
Utopia and Ultimate Human Perfection in Light of the New Perspective
In the vast expanse of religious and theological discussions, the concept of utopia as the promise of an ideal and perfect life at the end of time has always been a central theme. With our new perspective, which is based on the infinite experience of states in parallel worlds, we can provide a deep and logical explanation for this phenomenon and clarify its rationale and realization.
In this intellectual framework, the "perfection" of existence is not just a static state at a specific time, but encompasses all the experiences and potentials that every individual undergoes. Nevertheless, the need for the emergence of a savior and the establishment of utopia to "reform society" and "establish complete justice" has also always been emphasized. This need, which at first glance might have seemed to contradict the concept of the "best possible position" of existence, is now fully justified with this new perspective.
Utopia and the emergence of a savior are not for remedying a fundamental flaw in creation, but for "completing and finalizing" humanity's experience in this specific dimension of existence. In this dimension, humans, by their free will, have followed various paths that have led to differences, inequalities, and evils. In other words, while in parallel worlds and in infinite lives, all dimensions of individual experience and choice are covered, utopia is an opportunity to summarize and observe the "final choice" of humanity in the best possible conditions in this dimension of existence. This state is itself another part of the same comprehensive and infinite experience that every individual must go through. This is how the concept of a savior and utopia is not in contradiction with Divine Justice, but is an inseparable part of the process of evolution and the completion of justice on a larger scale of existence.
Given that humans have experienced an infinite number of states and conditions—meaning they have gained complete awareness of every state and know what consequences every decision has and what its outcome is—therefore, in life in utopia or the ideal state, they will no longer make wrong decisions and incorrect choices. As a result, relying on their infinite experiences, they will always make the best decisions.
This perspective beautifully aligns with religious and theological discussions, especially where the purpose of human creation is stated as growth and perfection. According to this theory, after infinite experiences that include understanding all states and the consequences of decisions, a person eventually reaches a point where they can choose the most desirable and correct state possible. This is the attainment of ultimate and desired perfection; because there is no longer any ignorance, excuse, or "if" and "I wish" for making a wrong choice. With a comprehensive knowledge of all dimensions of existence and their choices, a person reaches the peak of growth and insight.
Convergence of the New Perspective with Contemporary Sciences: Parallel Universes in Physics and Cosmology
Just as we deemed the existence of parallel worlds and infinite experiences to be a logical necessity for the realization of ultimate justice and perfection in our perspective, it is interesting to note that in advanced fields of physics and cosmology, scientists have reached similar conclusions. There are numerous theories and models in these sciences that propose and even consider the existence of multiple worlds or parallel realities to be plausible. This convergence lends more strength and credibility to our philosophical insight and shows that this idea, beyond being a purely theological discussion, also has roots in our scientific understanding of existence.
Next, we will discuss some of these theories that refer to the existence of parallel worlds:
* Multiverse Theory: This theory, which emerged from quantum physics and modern cosmology, states that our universe is only one of an infinite number of possible universes. According to some interpretations, every decision or event that occurs in one universe leads to a branching and the creation of new universes in which all possible outcomes are actualized (Everett, 1957).
* Quantum Superposition: This fundamental principle in quantum mechanics states that a particle can exist in multiple states simultaneously until it is observed. Just as in physics, particles can exist in a state of "superposition" and be in all possible states at once, so too is a human at the moment of birth and the beginning of life in a state similar to "superposition." This means that all the different states and life paths for them are actually present. In this view, a human potentially holds not just one path, but all possible life states within themselves (Schrödinger, 1935).
* String Theory and Extra Dimensions: This advanced theory in physics proposes the existence of extra spatial dimensions beyond the three spatial and one temporal dimensions that we experience. These extra dimensions can provide a substrate for the existence of other universes or parallel "branes," of which our universe is just one.
* Big Bang and Bubble Universes: Some cosmological models that originate from the theory of Cosmic Inflation propose the idea that multiple universes may have arisen as a result of separate Big Bangs or in different "bubbles" of a "mother cosmos." Each of these bubbles could be an independent universe with different physical laws.
Intention and Intent in the New Perspective
In the final evaluation of human deeds, it is not only external and tangible actions that are important; intentions, motives, and even hidden thoughts also hold a central place in the divine evaluation. This emphasis raises a fundamental question: How can something intangible and invisible like intention be so influential in the system of divine reckoning? Our new perspective, by relying on concepts from contemporary physics, provides a coherent explanation for this matter.
The concept of virtual existence in a total vacuum and its correlation with intentions: In physics, there is a concept that even in a total vacuum, virtual particles can briefly appear and disappear, causing vibrations and fluctuations (Heisenberg, 1927). This idea can also be generalized to human life. Many things or states in our lives may not have a physical external existence and only take shape virtually in our imaginations or thoughts. This point emphasizes that the realm of human experience extends beyond mere physical reality and also includes virtual and mental dimensions.
Just like virtual particles in a quantum vacuum that create fluctuations and have measurable effects on their surrounding space, the thoughts and intentions that form in a person's mind, even if they never lead to a material act and only appear and then vanish as a virtual entity in our mental space, are capable of creating vibrations and fluctuations that influence the course of our lives. Therefore, when religious teachings emphasize the evaluation of intentions, it means that every thought and intention, even if it does not lead to a material act, has a vibration and an effect and holds a special place in the final calculations.
Conclusion
This article does not merely present a new insight or theory, but a new and comprehensive intellectual framework for explaining the fundamental concepts of existence, including Divine Justice, determinism and free will, human reckoning, and human perfection. This approach, centered on the existence of infinite parallel worlds and the complete experience of all conditions by every human, provides a coherent and non-contradictory framework for understanding many concepts that faced challenges in traditional explanations.
This intellectual framework, by offering a fresh look at traditional concepts, responds to their challenges and also integrates concepts such as intention and thought, the best of all possible worlds, the afterlife, and utopia in a novel and logical way into a single structure.
A notable point is the alignment of this perspective with contemporary theories in physics and cosmology, including the multiverse theory and quantum superposition. This convergence between philosophical thought and scientific discoveries reveals the strength of this intellectual framework in providing a comprehensive and logical interpretation of the universe.
Ultimately, due to its fundamental and comprehensive nature, this intellectual framework has the potential to be used as a model for examining and solving numerous challenges in other philosophical fields. This research, by connecting the various dimensions of existence, opens a new path for a deeper understanding of the meaning of existence and humanity's place within it.
Bibliography
* Ibn Sina, Hussein ibn Abdullah. (428 AH). Al-Shifa (Vol. Theology). Edited by Ibrahim Madkour. Qom: Ayatollah Mar'ashi Najafi Library.
* Sadr al-Din Shirazi (Mulla Sadra). (1050 AH). Al-Hikmah al-Muta'aliyah fi al-Asfar al-'Aqliyyah al-Arba'ah (Vol. 6). Edited by Mohammad Reza Mozaffar. Qom: Amirkabir Publications.
* Everett, H., III. (1957). "Relative State" Formulation of Quantum Mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics, 29(3), 454-462.
* Heisenberg, W. (1927). Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik. Zeitschrift für Physik, 43(3-4), 172-198.
* Schrödinger, E. (1935). Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik. Naturwissenschaften, 23(48), 807-812.
Introduction
The questions of Divine Justice, humanity's final reckoning, the absolute knowledge of God, and the mystery of determinism and free will in the face of the enigma of good and evil, have long been the foundation of human thought. These issues have not only been at the center of philosophical and theological debates but have also continuously challenged the inquiring human mind in its confrontation with the order and disorder of the world. Over the centuries, countless theories and perspectives have been put forward to explain these truths; from the profound rational arguments of philosophers to the comprehensive interpretations of theologians from sacred texts, and even attempts to find scientific roots in natural phenomena.
However, despite the breadth and depth of these discussions, none of the existing approaches have been able to independently and comprehensively illuminate all dimensions of these complex issues and provide convincing answers to all questions and doubts. The hidden shortcomings in each framework and the gaps that continue to leave the mind unanswered have compelled us to forge a new path.
In this treatise, we will first provide a detailed and critical review of the most prominent and central perspectives in philosophy and theology, as well as the scientific approaches related to these concepts. Then, by analyzing the weaknesses and unresolved challenges in these previous theories, we will explain the necessity of presenting a new and comprehensive insight. Our goal is to introduce a perspective that, by drawing on the astonishing convergence of independent results from various fields of knowledge—from the depths of philosophical thought and the richness of theological discussions to the advanced findings of contemporary sciences—offers a coherent and powerful framework for understanding these fundamental truths of existence and provides a profound and convincing answer to questions that have long remained unanswered.
A Review of the Fundamental Challenges in Explaining Divine Justice
The question of Divine Justice, humanity's final reckoning, the absolute knowledge of God, and the mystery of determinism and free will in the face of the enigma of good and evil, have long been the foundation of human thought. These issues have not only been at the center of philosophical and theological debates but have also continuously challenged the inquiring human mind in its confrontation with the order and disorder of the world. Despite the breadth and depth of these discussions over the centuries, none of the existing approaches have been able to independently and comprehensively illuminate all dimensions of these complex issues and provide convincing answers to all questions and doubts. The hidden shortcomings in each framework and the gaps that continue to leave the mind unanswered have compelled us to forge a new path.
The Interconnectedness of Traditional Challenges and Responses
If God is the Absolute Just, the Infinitely Wise, and the Almighty, how can we explain the existence of widespread and seemingly baseless suffering, devastating natural disasters, and profound and inexplicable inequalities in the conditions of human life? This dilemma, known as the "Problem of Evil," is one of the most significant challenges to the concept of Divine Justice. How can it be claimed that a world full of pain, disease, poverty, and injustice is the product of pure justice and ultimate wisdom?
In response to these challenges, various perspectives have been offered, which often lead to deeper questions in related fields and show how intertwined and inseparable the concepts of justice, reckoning, determinism and free will, divine knowledge, and good and evil are:
* The Response of "Divine Wisdom and Placing Everything in Its Proper Place":
Some, in response to inequalities and evil in life, argue that God, with His infinite wisdom, has placed every being and every phenomenon in the best possible position. What we perceive as injustice is, in fact, God's hidden wisdom (Ibn Sina, The Book of Healing).
Challenge: However, this response itself faces a fundamental question: If the current state of the world is the "best" and "most perfect," then why do religious and philosophical teachings speak of a utopia at the end of time and the emergence of a savior to reform society and establish complete justice? The need for a radical and global transformation implies an acceptance of deficiency and inadequacy in the current situation, which contradicts the claim of "the best possible position." If the seed of corruption existed from the very beginning in the essence of this "best system," leading to such a tragic situation, then how is the attribute "best" justified?
* The Response of "Human Free Will" and the Need for a Savior/Reckoning:
It may be further argued that corruption and deviations are the result of human misuse of their free will, and the need for a savior is precisely to rectify these deviations and establish a final reckoning. In this view, everyone is held responsible based on their deeds.
Challenge: But this response also faces serious questions that challenge the concept of Divine Justice in the reckoning: Given the vast differences in human abilities, opportunities, environmental conditions, and levels of awareness, how can one speak of a final judgment of all individuals based on a single criterion? The fact that individuals have faced such different challenges makes the fair evaluation of their actions intellectually difficult (Mulla Sadra, The Four Journeys).
Can it be expected that everyone, regardless of their circumstances, will be judged by a single court and with a single standard? This challenge is not resolved even by the justification that God, based on the verse "Allah does not burden a soul beyond that it can bear," will hold each person accountable based on their specific situation and circumstances; because the vast differences in initial "abilities" and "conditions" themselves require a just explanation.
* The Response of "Divine Test" and Inequality in Conditions:
Some others attribute suffering and inequalities to the purpose of testing and evaluating humans. Individuals are placed in different situations (good and bad, high and low) to measure their patience, gratitude, or fairness.
Challenge: But this justification is inconsistent with the blatant inequality in the testing ground. If the sole purpose is a test, why is one person born into complete prosperity and another into absolute poverty, or with congenital diseases? Does not justice require that the initial conditions of the test be more proportionate and comparable for everyone? Also, the question arises: If a person was in an unfavorable situation and is, for example, held accountable according to those conditions, couldn't that same person, had they been in a different situation or condition, have performed better and more ideally?
* The Response of "Absolute Divine Knowledge" and the Denial of Free Will/Testing:
Finally, in response to the challenge of unrealized potentials and inequality in the test, the justification is raised that God, with His absolute and eternal knowledge, knows all decisions and outcomes in advance. Therefore, even if individuals were placed in different situations, their performance would have been known to God, and there is no need for a practical test.
Challenge: But this perspective faces a more serious challenge: If God knows everything from eternity, then what is the meaning of human free will? Does this Divine Knowledge not, in a way, necessitate absolute determinism? (Mulla Sadra, The Four Journeys)
And if the outcome of the "test" is known to God in advance, then what is the need for the external occurrence of the "test" and the suffering associated with it? This makes the process of creation a pointless spectacle. The concept of moral responsibility and accountability for actions that are predetermined becomes meaningless here.
One of the important points that has been neglected in most of these discussions is the topic of perfection. One of the goals of human creation is stated to be reaching perfection. The discussed perspectives did not clarify how this goal of reaching perfection is achieved. In the presented discussions, reaching perfection is conditional on the performance of deeds by a select few through which they attain perfection. However, this contradicts the concept that the goal of humanity's creation is to reach perfection, and it has not been stated in any religious or theological texts or traditions that "humanity," in reaching perfection, refers to a specific group of people.
Summary of Critiques and the Necessity of a New Perspective
This cycle of challenges and contradictory responses clearly demonstrates that traditional and one-dimensional explanations are incapable of providing a comprehensive and contradiction-free solution for all dimensions of these intertwined issues. Based on the discussions presented, it can be considered that these concepts (Divine Justice, reckoning, God's knowledge, good and evil, and determinism and free will) are interconnected and each is related to the other. Therefore, none of them can be explained separately and independently from the others.
The current situation indicates an impasse or at least an inadequacy of existing explanations. This endless cycle of challenges reveals an urgent need for a new and comprehensive intellectual paradigm; a paradigm that can transcend these contradictions and explain all these concepts within a coherent and synergistic framework.
Therefore, our goal is to present a perspective that, by identifying the common roots of these challenges, offers an integrated and convincing solution and provides a profound and logical answer to questions that have long remained unanswered.
Proposed Solution:
A New Perspective for a Comprehensive Explanation
After a thorough review of the fundamental challenges in explaining concepts such as Divine Justice, reckoning, absolute Divine Knowledge, determinism and free will, and the problem of good and evil, and observing the ineffectiveness and contradictions in traditional responses, the logical and necessary conclusion was reached that these intertwined discussions cannot be explained separately and independently from one another.
This endless cycle of challenges reveals an urgent need for a new and comprehensive intellectual paradigm. From a rational and logical standpoint, for Absolute Divine Justice to be truly understandable and explainable, and for the Divine reckoning to be fair and genuine, it seems essential to presuppose that all human beings must fully experience the same conditions and various states that others have experienced. This means that every condition an individual has experienced in a particular life situation must also have been experienced by all other human beings.
However, given the infinite number of possible states and conditions, the vast number of humans, and the countless complexities of life, the realization of such a thing in a single, limited life (as we know it) appears practically impossible and illogical.
Nevertheless, it seems that the only state that can logically explain and realize this Divine Justice and Divine reckoning is precisely this complete and comprehensive experience of all conditions by every individual. Perhaps, apart from this, there is no other way to genuinely explain Divine Justice and reckoning, and any perspective other than this will lead to serious challenges and an unconvincing explanation of the concepts of justice and divine reckoning.
And since we have assumed that there is no other logical and rational way to explain Divine Justice and a genuine reckoning, it is possible that this state, despite seeming "impossible," is indeed in effect within existence, and we, due to our imperfect reason, limited perspective, and incorrect analysis, are currently unable to fully comprehend or directly observe it. This speculation opens the door to a fundamental hypothesis that can break this intellectual impasse and offer a new answer to age-old questions.
Explaining the New Perspective: An End to Excuses and the Beginning of Universal Justice
In the depths of philosophical thoughts and theological debates surrounding Divine Justice and the ultimate concept of human reckoning, a fundamental truth reveals itself: for justice to be perfected in its true sense and for the evaluation of human deeds to be flawless, only one essential prerequisite can be conceived. This prerequisite is nothing but for every human to fully and completely live through all the conditions and states that others have experienced. This is the only possible path to guarantee fundamental equality across the expanse of existence and to prove the creator's absolute justice.
Any attempt to explain the concepts of Divine Justice, determinism and free will, and the problem of good and evil, without accepting this rational necessity, leads to insoluble contradictions and pervasive ambiguities. This is precisely why no situation other than this can give true meaning to the noble concepts of real Divine Justice and a fair reckoning. This logical necessity leads us to believe that such a mechanism is undoubtedly at work within the fabric of existence, even if our limited comprehension and imperfect awareness may keep it hidden from our sight.
To achieve this great feat, namely the complete and infinite experience of states by every individual, only one logic is sufficient: every human must experience an infinite number of lives. This inevitably necessitates the existence of an infinite number of worlds or parallel universes; a reality in which countless versions of a single individual are engaged in and responsible for the infinite and diverse experiences of life's conditions and situations.
In this view, inequalities become meaningless because individuals experience all conditions, such as deficiency, illness, hardship, pain, as well as prosperity, security, health, and so on. By accepting this truth, there is no longer any room for "if," "maybe," "I wish," or "if only it were like this." All the excuses that humans make to justify their actions—such as "my situation wasn't suitable," "my conditions were different," "I was too young," "I made a wrong decision because I was forced," or "if I had done that"—become meaningless within
Utopia and Ultimate Human Perfection in Light of the New Perspective
In the vast expanse of religious and theological discussions, the concept of utopia as the promise of an ideal and perfect life at the end of time has always been a central theme. With our new perspective, which is based on the infinite experience of states in parallel worlds, we can provide a deep and logical explanation for this phenomenon and clarify its rationale and realization.
In this intellectual framework, the "perfection" of existence is not just a static state at a specific time, but encompasses all the experiences and potentials that every individual undergoes. Nevertheless, the need for the emergence of a savior and the establishment of utopia to "reform society" and "establish complete justice" has also always been emphasized. This need, which at first glance might have seemed to contradict the concept of the "best possible position" of existence, is now fully justified with this new perspective.
Utopia and the emergence of a savior are not for remedying a fundamental flaw in creation, but for "completing and finalizing" humanity's experience in this specific dimension of existence. In this dimension, humans, by their free will, have followed various paths that have led to differences, inequalities, and evils. In other words, while in parallel worlds and in infinite lives, all dimensions of individual experience and choice are covered, utopia is an opportunity to summarize and observe the "final choice" of humanity in the best possible conditions in this dimension of existence. This state is itself another part of the same comprehensive and infinite experience that every individual must go through. This is how the concept of a savior and utopia is not in contradiction with Divine Justice, but is an inseparable part of the process of evolution and the completion of justice on a larger scale of existence.
Given that humans have experienced an infinite number of states and conditions—meaning they have gained complete awareness of every state and know what consequences every decision has and what its outcome is—therefore, in life in utopia or the ideal state, they will no longer make wrong decisions and incorrect choices. As a result, relying on their infinite experiences, they will always make the best decisions.
This perspective beautifully aligns with religious and theological discussions, especially where the purpose of human creation is stated as growth and perfection. According to this theory, after infinite experiences that include understanding all states and the consequences of decisions, a person eventually reaches a point where they can choose the most desirable and correct state possible. This is the attainment of ultimate and desired perfection; because there is no longer any ignorance, excuse, or "if" and "I wish" for making a wrong choice. With a comprehensive knowledge of all dimensions of existence and their choices, a person reaches the peak of growth and insight.
Convergence of the New Perspective with Contemporary Sciences: Parallel Universes in Physics and Cosmology
Just as we deemed the existence of parallel worlds and infinite experiences to be a logical necessity for the realization of ultimate justice and perfection in our perspective, it is interesting to note that in advanced fields of physics and cosmology, scientists have reached similar conclusions. There are numerous theories and models in these sciences that propose and even consider the existence of multiple worlds or parallel realities to be plausible. This convergence lends more strength and credibility to our philosophical insight and shows that this idea, beyond being a purely theological discussion, also has roots in our scientific understanding of existence.
Next, we will discuss some of these theories that refer to the existence of parallel worlds:
* Multiverse Theory: This theory, which emerged from quantum physics and modern cosmology, states that our universe is only one of an infinite number of possible universes. According to some interpretations, every decision or event that occurs in one universe leads to a branching and the creation of new universes in which all possible outcomes are actualized (Everett, 1957).
* Quantum Superposition: This fundamental principle in quantum mechanics states that a particle can exist in multiple states simultaneously until it is observed. Just as in physics, particles can exist in a state of "superposition" and be in all possible states at once, so too is a human at the moment of birth and the beginning of life in a state similar to "superposition." This means that all the different states and life paths for them are actually present. In this view, a human potentially holds not just one path, but all possible life states within themselves (Schrödinger, 1935).
* String Theory and Extra Dimensions: This advanced theory in physics proposes the existence of extra spatial dimensions beyond the three spatial and one temporal dimensions that we experience. These extra dimensions can provide a substrate for the existence of other universes or parallel "branes," of which our universe is just one.
* Big Bang and Bubble Universes: Some cosmological models that originate from the theory of Cosmic Inflation propose the idea that multiple universes may have arisen as a result of separate Big Bangs or in different "bubbles" of a "mother cosmos." Each of these bubbles could be an independent universe with different physical laws.
Intention and Intent in the New Perspective
In the final evaluation of human deeds, it is not only external and tangible actions that are important; intentions, motives, and even hidden thoughts also hold a central place in the divine evaluation. This emphasis raises a fundamental question: How can something intangible and invisible like intention be so influential in the system of divine reckoning? Our new perspective, by relying on concepts from contemporary physics, provides a coherent explanation for this matter.
The concept of virtual existence in a total vacuum and its correlation with intentions: In physics, there is a concept that even in a total vacuum, virtual particles can briefly appear and disappear, causing vibrations and fluctuations (Heisenberg, 1927). This idea can also be generalized to human life. Many things or states in our lives may not have a physical external existence and only take shape virtually in our imaginations or thoughts. This point emphasizes that the realm of human experience extends beyond mere physical reality and also includes virtual and mental dimensions.
Just like virtual particles in a quantum vacuum that create fluctuations and have measurable effects on their surrounding space, the thoughts and intentions that form in a person's mind, even if they never lead to a material act and only appear and then vanish as a virtual entity in our mental space, are capable of creating vibrations and fluctuations that influence the course of our lives. Therefore, when religious teachings emphasize the evaluation of intentions, it means that every thought and intention, even if it does not lead to a material act, has a vibration and an effect and holds a special place in the final calculations.
Conclusion
This article does not merely present a new insight or theory, but a new and comprehensive intellectual framework for explaining the fundamental concepts of existence, including Divine Justice, determinism and free will, human reckoning, and human perfection. This approach, centered on the existence of infinite parallel worlds and the complete experience of all conditions by every human, provides a coherent and non-contradictory framework for understanding many concepts that faced challenges in traditional explanations.
This intellectual framework, by offering a fresh look at traditional concepts, responds to their challenges and also integrates concepts such as intention and thought, the best of all possible worlds, the afterlife, and utopia in a novel and logical way into a single structure.
A notable point is the alignment of this perspective with contemporary theories in physics and cosmology, including the multiverse theory and quantum superposition. This convergence between philosophical thought and scientific discoveries reveals the strength of this intellectual framework in providing a comprehensive and logical interpretation of the universe.
Ultimately, due to its fundamental and comprehensive nature, this intellectual framework has the potential to be used as a model for examining and solving numerous challenges in other philosophical fields. This research, by connecting the various dimensions of existence, opens a new path for a deeper understanding of the meaning of existence and humanity's place within it.
Bibliography
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* Sadr al-Din Shirazi (Mulla Sadra). (1050 AH). Al-Hikmah al-Muta'aliyah fi al-Asfar al-'Aqliyyah al-Arba'ah (Vol. 6). Edited by Mohammad Reza Mozaffar. Qom: Amirkabir Publications.
* Everett, H., III. (1957). "Relative State" Formulation of Quantum Mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics, 29(3), 454-462.
* Heisenberg, W. (1927). Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik. Zeitschrift für Physik, 43(3-4), 172-198.
* Schrödinger, E. (1935). Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik. Naturwissenschaften, 23(48), 807-812.