Philosophical Debate Tactics
Posted: Sat Feb 01, 2014 6:26 pm
http://www.johntreed.com/debate.html
At the above link, you'll find an article pointing out some tactics used in debate that are intellectually dishonest. Some of you may have heard me mention the term before. Well, tonight, I will explain it to you all and give you the list of intellectually dishonest debate tactics. This article does not belong to me. I did not write any of it, but below, when I get to the tactics themselves, some of them have been refined to try to remove some of the political ties (insinuations) and some banter about John T. Reed's coaching career. I haven't edited through it with a fine-tooth comb, but I've been following this list for years, and try to incorporate it into every conversation I somehow manage to wiggle myself into.
First, let's go over the purpose of a debate. It is NOT to change someone's mind. It is NOT to tear down a person or make them look bad (though often times, this happens inadvertently). The purpose of a debate is to facilitate the manifestation of truth, and to form a more logical and rationalized interpretation of the implications behind said truth. We could go into discussions about what is truth for days, but the point I'd like to get at here is that in a debate, the first objective in your argument should be to find out what is fact and what is not fact. Second, your objective should be to be certain that every piece of "fact" (on both sides of the argument), are truly fact. Examples would be people who mention studies done to prove their point, but instead, the study went to prove the other opinion. Studies are wishy-washy, so you have to be careful about what all they imply. Once you have made sure that any "facts" provided, you must analyze why your opponent feels the way they do about the facts they present. This is often times known as an interpretation of facts. I also call it logic. This is the main part of a discussion. Ones logic should always entail why they believe the facts contribute toward their viewpoint.
Allow me to clearly define this term, Intellectually honest. An intellectually honest debate tactic is any method that stays true to represent the author's intelligence, by staying true to the purpose of a debate, which is written above. There are ONLY 2 INTELLECTUALLY HONEST DEBATE TACTICS. They are as follows:
1. pointing out errors or omissions in your opponent’s facts
2. pointing out errors or omissions in your opponent’s logic
You must take the time to understand the other person's viewpoint, and understand their logic before you attack it. IMO, 90% of an argument has to do with attacks on the person's logic, therefore, you should try to understand all the information, and you will better be able to use their logic against them. The purpose is to discredit the logic without using your own logic. The only way to do this is to find reasons why the person's logic doesn't work in all cases, or even at all. Often times, this is very difficult.
Allow me to include just a few of the tactics from the list. I have written permission from Mr. Reed to include the list on any forum of my choosing. I first applied this list to the Freethought and Rationalism Discussion Board, then to LessWrong.com as a supplement to my blog post, and finally to SecularCafe.org, where things didn't go very well. I include this list and this thread because it is a very clear way to better approach intellectual debate. Despite their own admissions, I would argue that 50% of participants in what is supposed to be an intellectual debate, perform Intellectually Dishonest Debate Tactics, as you will find in this article.
Without further a due, John T. Reed's list of Intellectually Dishonest Debate Tactics. Don't worry about reading all of them on the link, but understand that you may be called on some of these if you use them.
Name calling: debater tries to diminish the argument of his opponent by calling the opponent a name that is subjective and unattractive; for example, cult members and bad real estate gurus typically warn the targets of their frauds that “dream stealers” will try to tell them the cult or guru is giving them bad advice; name calling is only intellectually dishonest when the name in question is ill defined or is so subjective that it tells the listener more about the speaker than the person being spoken about; there is nothing wrong with using a name that is relevant and objectively defined; the most common example of name calling against me is “negative;” in coaching, the critics of coaches are often college professors and the word “professor” is used as a name-calling tactic by the coaches who are the targets of the criticism in question; as a coach, I have been criticized as being “too intense,” a common put-down of successful youth and high school coaches. People who criticize their former employer are dishonestly dismissed as “disgruntled” or “bitter.” These are all efforts to distract the audience by changing the subject because the speaker cannot refute the facts or logic of the opponent.
Changing the subject: debater is losing so he tries to redirect the attention of the audience to another subject area where he thinks he can look better relative to the person he is debating, but admits to no change of subject and pretends to be refuting the original on-subject statement of his opponent
Questioning the motives of the opponent: this is a form of tactic number 2 changing the subject; as stated above, it is prohibited by Robert’s Rule of Order 43; a typical tactic used against critics is to say, “They’re just trying to sell newspapers” or in my case, books—questioning motives is not always wrong; only when it is used to prove the opponent’s facts or logic wrong is it invalid. If my facts or logic are wrong, my motive may be the answer to why. But let’s cut out the middleman of why my facts or logic are wrong and just point exactly what the error is. Pointing out the suspicious motive only indicates there is no error, just an attempt to insinuate an error by innuendo.
Citing irrelevant facts or logic: this is another form of tactic Number 2 changing the subject
False premise: debater makes a statement that assumes some other fact has already been proven when it has not; in court, such a statement will be objected to by opposing counsel on the grounds that it “assumes facts not in evidence”
Hearsay: debater cites something he heard but has not confirmed through his own personal observation or research from reliable sources, e.g., Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid’s allegation that a Bain Capital investor whom he refuses to name told him that Mitt Romney has not paid any taxes for ten years.
Unqualified expert opinion: debater gives or cites an apparently expert opinion which is not from a qualified expert; in court, an expert must prove his qualifications and be certified by the judge before he can give an opinion
Sloganeering: Debater uses a slogan rather than using facts or logic. Slogans are vague sentences or phrases that derive their power from rhetorical devices like alliteration, repetition, cadence, or rhyming; Rich Dad Poor Dad’s “Don’t work for money, make money work for you” is a classic example. In sports, coaches frequently rely on cliches, a less rhetorical form of slogan, to deflect criticism.
Motivation end justifies dishonest means: debater admits he is lying or using fallacious logic but excuses this on the grounds that he is motivating the audience to accomplish a good thing and that end justifies the intellectually-dishonest means
Cult of personality: debater attempts to make the likability of each debate opponent the focus of the debate because he believes he is more likable than the opponent
Vagueness: debater seems to cite facts or logic, but his terms are so vague that no facts or logic are present. A facebook poster demanded that I debate American hegemony with him regarding the Boston Marathon bombers’ motives. I refused on the ground that hegemony was too vague a term. He then “proved” it was not vague by posting the dictionary definition of hegemony. If a word having a dictionary definition proves it’s not vague, then every single word in the English language is not vague because they all have dictionary definitions. Which begs the question of why the word “vague” itself exists. Debates where any party is allowed to use vague terms are endless and settle nothing. This is an aspect of name-calling. Calling someone an objectively-defined name, like a convicted felon, is not name calling. Calling him a “womanizer,” as was used to prevent Senator John Tower from being confirmed as Secretary of Defense, was name-calling. The period when he was said to “womanize” was when he was a single man. He said he thought it was called going on dates.
Playing on widely held fantasies or fears: debater offers facts or logic that support the fantasies or fears of the audience thereby triggering powerful desires to believe that override normal desire for truth or logic
Claiming privacy with regard to claims about self: debater makes favorable claims about himself, but when asked for details or proof of the claims, refuses to provide any claiming privacy; true privacy is not mentioning them to begin with; bragging but refusing to prove is silly on its face and it is a rather self-servingly selective use of the right of privacy; The worst offenders are the U.S. Navy SEALs who claim to be great but they “not at liberty” to reveal the details because they are military secrets. Enough details have leaked out, however, that those not in the SEAL cult of personality can see that if you could buy the SEALs for what they are worth and sell them for what they claim to be worth, you would have a substantial capital gain.
Stereotyping: debater “proves” his point about a particular person by citing a stereotype that supposedly applies to the group that opponent is a member of; dismissing criticism by academic researchers by citing Ivory Tower stereotypes is an example of this debate tactic. For example, Professor David Romer of Cal did a study that found coaches should go for a first down far more often and kick far less on fourth down; Some coaches laughed and rejected his findings because he is a “professor,” turning the report sideways when reading it, dismissing Romer as “Ivory Tower.” If Romer is wrong, it is because of an error or omission in his facts or logic; not because he is a college professor.
Scapegoating: debater blames problems on persons other than the audience; this is a negative version of playing on widely-held fantasies; it plays on widely-held animosities or dislikes
Arousing envy: debater attempts to get the audience to dislike his opponent because the audience is envious of something that can be attributed to the opponent
Redefining words: debater uses a word that helps him, but that does not apply, by redefining it to suit his purposes, like leftists calling government spending “investment”
Citing over-valued credentials: debater accurately claims something about himself or something he wants to prove, but the claim made is one that attempts to get the audience to over-rely on a credential that is or may be over-valued by the audience; for example, some con men point to registration of a trademark or corporation as evidence of approval by the government of the con man’s goods or services
Claiming membership in a group affiliated with audience members: debater claims to be a member of a group that members of the audience are also members of like a religion, ethnic group, veterans group, and so forth; the debater’s hope is that the audience members will let their guard down with regard to facts and logic as a result and that they will give their alleged fellow group member the benefit of any doubt or even my-group-can-do-no-wrong immunity, also called “affinity fraud”
Accusation of taking a quote out of context: debater accuses opponent of taking a quote that makes the debater look bad out of context. All quotes are taken out of context—for two reasons: quoting the entire context would take too long and federal copyright law allows “fair use” quotes but not reproduction of the entire text. Taking a quote out of context is only wrong when the lack of the context misrepresents the author’s position. The classic example would be the movie review that says, “This movie is the best best example of a waste of film I have ever seen,” then gets quoted as “This movie is the best...I’ve ever seen.” Any debater who claims a quote misrepresents the author’s position must cite the one or more additional quotes from the same work that supply the missing context and thereby reveal the true meaning of the author, a meaning which is very different from the meaning conveyed by the original quote that they complained about. Furthermore, other unrelated quotes that just suggest the speaker is a nice guy are irrelevant. The discussion is about the offending quotes, not whether the speaker is a good guy. The missing context must relate to, and change the meaning of, the statements objected to, not just serve as character witness material about the speaker or writer. Merely pointing out that the quote is not the entire text proves nothing. Indeed, if a search of the rest of the work reveals no additional quotes that show the original quote was misleading, the accusation itself is dishonest. This was done to Mitt Romney in 2012 when he said that as a consumer he liked to be able to fire people at service providers, by giving his business to one of their competitors, so they would be more motivated to do a good job. It was taken out of context as proof he liked to fire people in general when he was a boss.
>>>I have only included 20 of the Tactics for somewhat of a sense of brevity. I don't make this thread because I believe this forum has an issue with intellectually discussing topics. I also do not approach this issue with a vigilante type mentality. I belie3ve that EVERYONE can benefit from applying intellectually honest debate tactics, and that everyone is responsible for maintaining the validity of their own argument.
At the above link, you'll find an article pointing out some tactics used in debate that are intellectually dishonest. Some of you may have heard me mention the term before. Well, tonight, I will explain it to you all and give you the list of intellectually dishonest debate tactics. This article does not belong to me. I did not write any of it, but below, when I get to the tactics themselves, some of them have been refined to try to remove some of the political ties (insinuations) and some banter about John T. Reed's coaching career. I haven't edited through it with a fine-tooth comb, but I've been following this list for years, and try to incorporate it into every conversation I somehow manage to wiggle myself into.
First, let's go over the purpose of a debate. It is NOT to change someone's mind. It is NOT to tear down a person or make them look bad (though often times, this happens inadvertently). The purpose of a debate is to facilitate the manifestation of truth, and to form a more logical and rationalized interpretation of the implications behind said truth. We could go into discussions about what is truth for days, but the point I'd like to get at here is that in a debate, the first objective in your argument should be to find out what is fact and what is not fact. Second, your objective should be to be certain that every piece of "fact" (on both sides of the argument), are truly fact. Examples would be people who mention studies done to prove their point, but instead, the study went to prove the other opinion. Studies are wishy-washy, so you have to be careful about what all they imply. Once you have made sure that any "facts" provided, you must analyze why your opponent feels the way they do about the facts they present. This is often times known as an interpretation of facts. I also call it logic. This is the main part of a discussion. Ones logic should always entail why they believe the facts contribute toward their viewpoint.
Allow me to clearly define this term, Intellectually honest. An intellectually honest debate tactic is any method that stays true to represent the author's intelligence, by staying true to the purpose of a debate, which is written above. There are ONLY 2 INTELLECTUALLY HONEST DEBATE TACTICS. They are as follows:
1. pointing out errors or omissions in your opponent’s facts
2. pointing out errors or omissions in your opponent’s logic
You must take the time to understand the other person's viewpoint, and understand their logic before you attack it. IMO, 90% of an argument has to do with attacks on the person's logic, therefore, you should try to understand all the information, and you will better be able to use their logic against them. The purpose is to discredit the logic without using your own logic. The only way to do this is to find reasons why the person's logic doesn't work in all cases, or even at all. Often times, this is very difficult.
Allow me to include just a few of the tactics from the list. I have written permission from Mr. Reed to include the list on any forum of my choosing. I first applied this list to the Freethought and Rationalism Discussion Board, then to LessWrong.com as a supplement to my blog post, and finally to SecularCafe.org, where things didn't go very well. I include this list and this thread because it is a very clear way to better approach intellectual debate. Despite their own admissions, I would argue that 50% of participants in what is supposed to be an intellectual debate, perform Intellectually Dishonest Debate Tactics, as you will find in this article.
Without further a due, John T. Reed's list of Intellectually Dishonest Debate Tactics. Don't worry about reading all of them on the link, but understand that you may be called on some of these if you use them.
Name calling: debater tries to diminish the argument of his opponent by calling the opponent a name that is subjective and unattractive; for example, cult members and bad real estate gurus typically warn the targets of their frauds that “dream stealers” will try to tell them the cult or guru is giving them bad advice; name calling is only intellectually dishonest when the name in question is ill defined or is so subjective that it tells the listener more about the speaker than the person being spoken about; there is nothing wrong with using a name that is relevant and objectively defined; the most common example of name calling against me is “negative;” in coaching, the critics of coaches are often college professors and the word “professor” is used as a name-calling tactic by the coaches who are the targets of the criticism in question; as a coach, I have been criticized as being “too intense,” a common put-down of successful youth and high school coaches. People who criticize their former employer are dishonestly dismissed as “disgruntled” or “bitter.” These are all efforts to distract the audience by changing the subject because the speaker cannot refute the facts or logic of the opponent.
Changing the subject: debater is losing so he tries to redirect the attention of the audience to another subject area where he thinks he can look better relative to the person he is debating, but admits to no change of subject and pretends to be refuting the original on-subject statement of his opponent
Questioning the motives of the opponent: this is a form of tactic number 2 changing the subject; as stated above, it is prohibited by Robert’s Rule of Order 43; a typical tactic used against critics is to say, “They’re just trying to sell newspapers” or in my case, books—questioning motives is not always wrong; only when it is used to prove the opponent’s facts or logic wrong is it invalid. If my facts or logic are wrong, my motive may be the answer to why. But let’s cut out the middleman of why my facts or logic are wrong and just point exactly what the error is. Pointing out the suspicious motive only indicates there is no error, just an attempt to insinuate an error by innuendo.
Citing irrelevant facts or logic: this is another form of tactic Number 2 changing the subject
False premise: debater makes a statement that assumes some other fact has already been proven when it has not; in court, such a statement will be objected to by opposing counsel on the grounds that it “assumes facts not in evidence”
Hearsay: debater cites something he heard but has not confirmed through his own personal observation or research from reliable sources, e.g., Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid’s allegation that a Bain Capital investor whom he refuses to name told him that Mitt Romney has not paid any taxes for ten years.
Unqualified expert opinion: debater gives or cites an apparently expert opinion which is not from a qualified expert; in court, an expert must prove his qualifications and be certified by the judge before he can give an opinion
Sloganeering: Debater uses a slogan rather than using facts or logic. Slogans are vague sentences or phrases that derive their power from rhetorical devices like alliteration, repetition, cadence, or rhyming; Rich Dad Poor Dad’s “Don’t work for money, make money work for you” is a classic example. In sports, coaches frequently rely on cliches, a less rhetorical form of slogan, to deflect criticism.
Motivation end justifies dishonest means: debater admits he is lying or using fallacious logic but excuses this on the grounds that he is motivating the audience to accomplish a good thing and that end justifies the intellectually-dishonest means
Cult of personality: debater attempts to make the likability of each debate opponent the focus of the debate because he believes he is more likable than the opponent
Vagueness: debater seems to cite facts or logic, but his terms are so vague that no facts or logic are present. A facebook poster demanded that I debate American hegemony with him regarding the Boston Marathon bombers’ motives. I refused on the ground that hegemony was too vague a term. He then “proved” it was not vague by posting the dictionary definition of hegemony. If a word having a dictionary definition proves it’s not vague, then every single word in the English language is not vague because they all have dictionary definitions. Which begs the question of why the word “vague” itself exists. Debates where any party is allowed to use vague terms are endless and settle nothing. This is an aspect of name-calling. Calling someone an objectively-defined name, like a convicted felon, is not name calling. Calling him a “womanizer,” as was used to prevent Senator John Tower from being confirmed as Secretary of Defense, was name-calling. The period when he was said to “womanize” was when he was a single man. He said he thought it was called going on dates.
Playing on widely held fantasies or fears: debater offers facts or logic that support the fantasies or fears of the audience thereby triggering powerful desires to believe that override normal desire for truth or logic
Claiming privacy with regard to claims about self: debater makes favorable claims about himself, but when asked for details or proof of the claims, refuses to provide any claiming privacy; true privacy is not mentioning them to begin with; bragging but refusing to prove is silly on its face and it is a rather self-servingly selective use of the right of privacy; The worst offenders are the U.S. Navy SEALs who claim to be great but they “not at liberty” to reveal the details because they are military secrets. Enough details have leaked out, however, that those not in the SEAL cult of personality can see that if you could buy the SEALs for what they are worth and sell them for what they claim to be worth, you would have a substantial capital gain.
Stereotyping: debater “proves” his point about a particular person by citing a stereotype that supposedly applies to the group that opponent is a member of; dismissing criticism by academic researchers by citing Ivory Tower stereotypes is an example of this debate tactic. For example, Professor David Romer of Cal did a study that found coaches should go for a first down far more often and kick far less on fourth down; Some coaches laughed and rejected his findings because he is a “professor,” turning the report sideways when reading it, dismissing Romer as “Ivory Tower.” If Romer is wrong, it is because of an error or omission in his facts or logic; not because he is a college professor.
Scapegoating: debater blames problems on persons other than the audience; this is a negative version of playing on widely-held fantasies; it plays on widely-held animosities or dislikes
Arousing envy: debater attempts to get the audience to dislike his opponent because the audience is envious of something that can be attributed to the opponent
Redefining words: debater uses a word that helps him, but that does not apply, by redefining it to suit his purposes, like leftists calling government spending “investment”
Citing over-valued credentials: debater accurately claims something about himself or something he wants to prove, but the claim made is one that attempts to get the audience to over-rely on a credential that is or may be over-valued by the audience; for example, some con men point to registration of a trademark or corporation as evidence of approval by the government of the con man’s goods or services
Claiming membership in a group affiliated with audience members: debater claims to be a member of a group that members of the audience are also members of like a religion, ethnic group, veterans group, and so forth; the debater’s hope is that the audience members will let their guard down with regard to facts and logic as a result and that they will give their alleged fellow group member the benefit of any doubt or even my-group-can-do-no-wrong immunity, also called “affinity fraud”
Accusation of taking a quote out of context: debater accuses opponent of taking a quote that makes the debater look bad out of context. All quotes are taken out of context—for two reasons: quoting the entire context would take too long and federal copyright law allows “fair use” quotes but not reproduction of the entire text. Taking a quote out of context is only wrong when the lack of the context misrepresents the author’s position. The classic example would be the movie review that says, “This movie is the best best example of a waste of film I have ever seen,” then gets quoted as “This movie is the best...I’ve ever seen.” Any debater who claims a quote misrepresents the author’s position must cite the one or more additional quotes from the same work that supply the missing context and thereby reveal the true meaning of the author, a meaning which is very different from the meaning conveyed by the original quote that they complained about. Furthermore, other unrelated quotes that just suggest the speaker is a nice guy are irrelevant. The discussion is about the offending quotes, not whether the speaker is a good guy. The missing context must relate to, and change the meaning of, the statements objected to, not just serve as character witness material about the speaker or writer. Merely pointing out that the quote is not the entire text proves nothing. Indeed, if a search of the rest of the work reveals no additional quotes that show the original quote was misleading, the accusation itself is dishonest. This was done to Mitt Romney in 2012 when he said that as a consumer he liked to be able to fire people at service providers, by giving his business to one of their competitors, so they would be more motivated to do a good job. It was taken out of context as proof he liked to fire people in general when he was a boss.
>>>I have only included 20 of the Tactics for somewhat of a sense of brevity. I don't make this thread because I believe this forum has an issue with intellectually discussing topics. I also do not approach this issue with a vigilante type mentality. I belie3ve that EVERYONE can benefit from applying intellectually honest debate tactics, and that everyone is responsible for maintaining the validity of their own argument.
