Belinda wrote: ↑Wed Sep 24, 2025 1:12 pm
Bias in scholarly works is a recognised phenomenon. We are all human. Perhaps biology is the 'hardest' science.
Actually, in the hierarchy of "hardness," it is generally recognized that the order is as follows: physics, chemistry, biology (in that order), then the "practical" sciences like engineering and economics, and the "professional" studies like law and medicine, and then the "soft" sciences, including things like psychology, sociology, history, and so on down.
The general attempt is to rank them by the level of their susceptibility to manipulation: the studies closer to pure mathematics being the hardest to pollute with irrelevancies, and the "studies studies" group at the bottom, almost entirely made up for ideological reasons and lacking any distinctive, formal discipline of their own.
Bias is easy at the end of the train. It's not impossible at the top, but much, much harder to pull off without detection, because of the rigorous and disciplined nature of the subject. Physics, for example, is checked both by mathematics and by physical reality at nearly every point. Chemistry either works or does not. Biology either keeps things alive or kills them. So those reality checks keep those disciplines more "hard" and less dishonest. Even in subjects like Business, the ability to produce value checks the wildness of theories and constrains what can be believed.
But the rest? Not so easy to do. And Social Psychology really fits down near the end of the "soft" sciences, and nowhere near the "hard" ones.
Therefore, bias is not at all equally distributed, and not always so easy to sustain. It's always possible
in extremis, of course, (if one is prepared to falsify one's data or tell outright lies for ideology's sake, for example) but much more difficult in some subjects than in others.